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Brief of the American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Society for Adolescent Psychiatry et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent

This brief argues that scientific evidence shows adolescent brains are still developing, impacting impulse control and decision-making. These differences should categorically disqualify 16 and 17-year-old offenders from the death penalty.

cognitive deficienciesadolescent braincapital punishmentdeath penaltyexecutionrisky behaviorimpulsivityadolescent vulnerabilitybrain activity
(2004)

Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing

The stereotype of Black Americans as violent and criminal is strong and automatic. Research shows that just as the presence of Black individuals can trigger thoughts of crime, the concept of crime can also trigger thoughts of Black people.

Decision-makingbehaviorracesexjustice
(2004)

Competence, Culpability, and Punishment: Implications of Atkins for Executing and Sentencing Adolescents

The article argues that the Supreme Court's reasoning for prohibiting the execution of people with mental retardation should also apply to adolescents.

Supreme Courtblameworthinesscapital punishmentproportionalitydeath penaltydevelopmental impairmentsolder adolescentsAtkins v. Virginiajudgmentimpulse controlpsychological characteristicsdevelopmental characteristicsreduced culpabilitymitigating factors
(2003)

Tsombanidis v. West Haven Fire Dept.

The court found West Haven did not discriminate under the FHA or ADA. This was because plaintiffs failed to show intentional bias or disparate impact from applying fire codes to a sober living home.

ADAFHAintentional discriminationdisparate impactsober living home
(2003)

Wiggins v. Smith

The Supreme Court ruled that a lawyer's failure to investigate a client's severe childhood abuse constituted ineffective assistance, making a life sentence probable.

ineffective assistancechildhood abuseneglectlife sentenceevidence
(2003)

State v. Standard

The court upheld a teenager's murder conviction, finding his confession was voluntary. Separate sentences for murder and firearm possession were also deemed constitutional.

juvenile offenderLWOPjuvenile life without paroleburglary
(2002)

Brief of Center on Children & the Law; Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice; Children & Family Justice Center; and Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana et al. as Amici Curiae in Support of Lionel Tate, Appellant

This brief argues for reversing a lower court's ruling. It claims the court failed to consider Lionel's age and violated his constitutional rights, including due process and protection against cruel and unusual punishment.

infancy defensechildrencapacy to commit a crimetransfers to criminal courtdue processFourteenth Amendment (U.S.)equal protectionlife without the possibility of paroleLWOPcompetenceEighth Amendment (U.S.)
(2002)

Gonzalez v. Cecil County, Maryland

The court allowed a widow's lawsuit against Cecil County and jail staff to proceed. She claimed they were deliberately indifferent to her husband's fatal heroin withdrawal.

jail staffuntreated heroin withdrawaldeliberate indifference
(2002)

MX Group, Inc. v. City of Covington

The Sixth Circuit ruled Covington discriminated against people with disabilities by denying a permit for a methadone clinic and changing zoning laws. This decision favored MX Group, who had sued the city.

Methadone clinicADARehab ActZoning lawsDiscrimination
(2002)

State v. Weaver

The South Dakota Supreme Court allowed expert testimony on battered woman's syndrome and the cycle of violence. This helps explain why victims might recant statements or return to abusive partners.

battered woman's syndromecycle of violencedomestic abuseexpert testimonyabuseintimate partner violencepsychological effects of abusedomestic violence awareness
(2002)

Fairfax County Fire & Rescue Department v. Mottram

The Court ruled a firefighter's PTSD was an occupational disease. Repeated traumatic work exposures caused neurobiological changes, making his condition eligible for workers' comp.

firefighter PTSDoccupational diseaseworkers comptraumatic emergency eventsneurobiological changeswork-related PTSDemergency responder mental healthfirst responder
(2002)

Bernal v. People

The Colorado Supreme Court found a photo array was too suggestive due to the defendant's distinct ethnicity and background. The case was sent back to determine if eyewitness identifications were still reliable.

photo arrayimpermissibly suggestiveethnicityeyewitness identificationsreliable
(2002)

Criminal decision making: The development of adolescent judgment, criminal responsibility, and culpability

The juvenile justice system has shifted towards more punitive measures, treating adolescents similarly to adults. This raises questions about adolescent maturity and decision-making in criminal contexts.

psychosocial factorstemporal perspectivepeer influencerisk perceptionadolescent criminal decision-making
(2001)

State v. Peralto

The Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that a life without parole sentence for murder was cruel and unusual for a defendant with mental retardation. The court found mental limitations reduced culpability, making the sentence disproportionate.

LWOPjuvenile life without parolemental disabilitiesEighth Amendment (U.S.)cruel and unusual punishmentconsecutive life sentences
(2001)

Youth Law Center Brief in Support of Petitioners

This brief argues that Proposition 21 harms public safety by increasing youth recidivism and injury. It also contends that the law's lack of prosecutorial guidelines worsens racial disparities in the justice system.

transferstransfer to adult courtjuvenilespublic safetyharmyouthyouth of colorracial disparities
(2001)