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The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood: a Convergence of Evidence from Neurobiology and Epidemiology

Early life stress, such as abuse, can cause lasting changes in brain function and structure. These changes impact health and quality of life throughout a person's life.

Child developmentAdultsstressmental healthphysical healthdrug usedomestic violenceneurobiologychildhood abusesubstance
(2005)

Brief of Juvenile Law Center; The Center on Children and Families; The Central Juvenile Defender Center; The ChildLaw Center et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of the Respondent-Appellee

The EJJ provision is void for vagueness because it fails to adequately define prohibited conduct, harming youth and hindering effective rehabilitation. Separate hearings for EJJ and transfer motions also undermine juvenile court goals.

right to counselminorEJJExtended Juvenile JurisdictiontransferJuvenile Court Actvaguenessbrainadolescent developmentFifth Amendment (U.S.)neurological researchadolescent psychology
(2005)

Brief of Juvenile Law Center as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner-Appellant

The petitioner argues ineffective counsel failed to suppress her confession. Counsel conceded voluntariness, despite police not advising the then 14-year-old she would be prosecuted as an adult.

cognitive capacityteenage braindevelopmentally distinctchildrenadolescentsdecision-makingdeveloping brainyouthinterrogationpolice questioningsentenced as an adultpsychological researchneurological researchadolescent developmentrisky behavioremotionally dependentprefrontal cortexfrontal lobeyoung adultconfessionsinvoluntary confessions
(2005)

Addiction Specialists, Inc. v. Township of Hampton

The Third Circuit ruled Hampton's zoning illegally excluded a methadone clinic, violating the ADA. The case was sent back for action to allow the clinic.

(2005)

Cognitive and Affective Development in Adolescence

Adolescence is a vulnerable period due to differing maturation rates of brain systems controlling emotion, behavior, and cognition. This creates risks and opportunities for reorganization of regulatory systems.

Teenagers Grow Develop Scientists Adolescent behavior Brain development Vulnerability Changes Reorganization Well-being
(2005)

Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory

Research shows that misleading information can alter memories, a phenomenon called the "misinformation effect." This effect is more likely when time has passed, weakening the original memory.

(2005)

Debunking Myths About Trauma and Memory

Experts find traumatic events are remembered clearly, contrary to theories of traumatic amnesia. Evidence does not support claims that dissociation or repression cause significant memory loss for trauma.

memorytraumadissociationamnesiarepressionposttraumatic stress disordersexual abusePTSD
(2005)

Foelker v. Outagamie County

The court reinstated a lawsuit over a jail's forced methadone withdrawal. Evidence of severe withdrawal and neglect could show deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.

Methadone withdrawaldeliberate indifferenceserious medical needsmedical neglectcruel and unusual punishment
(2004)

Brief of Amici Curiae Juvenile Law Center, Campaign for Fair Sentencing of Youth, et al. In Support of Respondent Lee Boyd Malvo

This brief argues that executing 16 and 17-year-olds is cruel and unusual punishment. It asserts that evolving standards and new research show these youths are less culpable and deterrable than adults.

adolescentsbrainculpabilityblameworthinessEighth Amendment (U.S.)juvenile death penaltyexecutionminorsStanfordyouthyouthful offenderAtkinsconfessionproportionality analysismurder
(2004)

Brief of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., the American Civil Liberties Union, et. al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent

The brief argues that race remains a factor in juvenile death penalty cases despite court efforts. It asserts that racial bias discounts youth as a mitigating factor, leading to a disproportionate number of youth of color on death row.

death penaltyyouth of colormitigation of youthmitigating factordeathexecution
(2004)

Brief of the European Union and Members of the International Community in Support of Respondent

The brief argues international consensus opposes executing offenders under 18 at the time of their crimes, citing practices of most nations and international law. It urges the Court to consider this global agreement.

international lawdeath penaltyunder 18minorsjuveniles
(2004)

Brief of New York, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, and West Virginia as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent

The brief argues that executing juvenile offenders is cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. A national consensus now exists, with 31 states and the federal government prohibiting such executions.

executiondeath penaltyage 17capital sentencingcruel and unusual punishmentEighth Amendment (U.S.)
(2004)

Brief of the States of Alabama, Delaware, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Virginia in Support of Petitioner

This brief argues against a complete ban on the death penalty for 16- and 17-year-olds. It asserts that some adolescent offenders can understand the severity of their actions, making a categorical exemption unjustified.

16- and 17-year-oldsexecutionEighth Amendment (U.S.)death penaltyFourteenth Amendment (U.S.)cruel and unusual punishmentmoral culpabilityhomicidecapital punishmentmurder
(2004)

Brief for the American Psychological Association, and the Missouri Psychological Association as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondent

This brief argues that executing 16 and 17-year-olds is unconstitutional. It states adolescents lack the maturity, brain development, and impulse control for adult-level decision-making and blameworthiness.

Eighth Amendment (U.S.)Fourteenth Amendment (U.S.)capital murderbrain researchneuropsychological researchrisk-takingadolescent braindecision-makingdeath penaltyexecution17-year-oldunder 18developmental immaturitymitigationmitigating effect of adolescenceunconscious racismAfrican American adolescentsculpabilityblameworthinessadolescent personality
(2004)

Brief of Juvenile Law Center, et al. in Support of Respondent

The brief argues that executing individuals who committed crimes at ages 16 or 17 is unconstitutional. It claims evolving standards and scientific research show such executions are cruel and unusual punishment.

adolescentsbrainculpabilityblameworthinessEighth Amendment (U.S.)juvenile death penaltyexecutionminorsStanfordyouthyouthful offenderAtkinsconfessionproportionality analysismurder
(2004)