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Brief for Amici Curiae Citizens for Juvenile Justice, Committee for Public Counsel Services, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights and Economic Justice et al., in Support of Petitioner

The brief argues mandatory life sentences for juveniles, even with parole, are unconstitutional. It claims parole offers no real chance for release, making these sentences effectively the same as life without parole.

meaningful opportunitymandatory life sentencesLWOPindividualized sentencingjuvenile offendersrehabilitation diminished culpabilityheightened rehabilitative capacityEighth Amendment (U.S.)Millermaturityunderdeveloped sense of responsibilityvulnerability to external influencepeer pressureparole board
(2016)

Brief of The Sentencing Project as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner

This brief argues that mandatory life sentences for children, even with parole, violate the Eighth Amendment. It asserts that children's immaturity makes them less culpable and undeserving of such severe punishment.

parole; childparolechildEighth Amendment (U.S.)lesser culpabilitytransfersmandatory transfers to adult courtfelony murderimmaturities of youthdiminished culpabilitychildrenmandatory life sentenceMillerinadequacy of paroletransfer statutestransfer lawsMontgomery
(2016)

Brief of Amicus Curiae Juvenile Law Center in Support of Petitioners

This brief argues that lengthy consecutive sentences for juvenile nonhomicide offenses are unconstitutional. It claims these sentences are effectively life without parole, denying a meaningful chance for release.

meaningful opportunity to obtain releaseGrahamMillerjuvenile offenderschildrennon-homicideconsecutive term-of-years sentencede facto life sentencegeriatric releasebrain sciencesentence reviewrecidivismbehavior control
(2016)

Brief of Juvenile Law Center as Amicus Curiae in Support of Defendant-Appellant

This brief argues that a 91.5-year sentence for a juvenile's non-homicide crime is unconstitutional. It claims this sentence, with 45 years before parole, is effectively life without parole, denying a chance for release.

age-related characteristicsLWOPlife without paroleyouthmitigating factormeaningful opportunity to obtain releasede facto lifechildrenadoelscent developmentneurosciencebraindisproportionate sentencescapacity for changelong term-of-years sentences
(2016)

Brief of Amici Curiae Juvenile Law Center, Center for Juvenile Law and Policy, Center on Wrongful Convictions of Youth, and Children’s Law Center, Inc., et al. on Behalf of Appellee Joshua Polk

This brief argues that students retain Fourth Amendment rights at school. It asserts the exclusionary rule should apply to illegal searches by school officials to prevent constitutional violations and deter misconduct.

Fourth Amendment (U.S.)exclusionary rulelaw enforcementillegal school searchesschool-to-prison-pipeline
(2016)

Brief for the Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality and the Phillips Black Project as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioner

This brief argues Missouri's parole process fails to provide juvenile offenders with a meaningful opportunity for release, as required by prior Supreme Court rulings. It contends the current system offers an illusory promise of freedom.

Miller factorsMillerjuvenile sentencing; parolemeaningful opportunity to obtain releaseindividualized consideration of youthmitigationmitigating factors
(2016)

Brief of Amici Curiae Juvenile Law Center and Center for Law, Brain and Behavior in Support of Petitioner

This brief argues that mandatory life sentences for juveniles convicted of second-degree murder, especially under derivative liability, violate the Eighth Amendment.

joint venture theoryGrahamculpabilityblameworthinessdevelopmental attributes of youthadolescent developmentmandatory LWOPmandatory life without parolenon-homicide
(2016)

Brief for Amicus Curiae Pennsylvania Ass’n of Criminal Defense Lawyers

The brief argues that Pennsylvania's legislature never amended sentencing for juvenile first-degree murder cases from 2006, leaving an unconstitutional punishment. It asserts that the judiciary cannot assign a missing penalty.

developmental immaturityMillerMontgomerysentencingdevelopmentally appropriate sentencingfirst-degree murder
(2016)

Brief of Amici Curiae Incarcerated Children’s Advocacy Network and Youth Sentencing and Reentry Project on Behalf of Qu’eed Batts

This brief argues that youth offenders, including those who committed serious crimes, have a unique capacity for change and rehabilitation. It presents stories of formerly incarcerated youth as evidence of this potential.

transient immaturityformerly incarcerated youthMillerMontgomeryEighth Amendment (U.S.)characteristics of youthjuvenile LWOPcapacity for rehabilitationadolescent development
(2016)

Brief for Amicus Curiae Pennsylvania Bar Association in Support of Reversal

This brief argues for new state procedures to limit life sentences without parole for juveniles. It proposes a strong presumption against such sentences, requiring high proof and expert testimony.

MillerMontgomeryirreparable corruptionincorrigibilityirretrievably depravedjuvenile LWOPjuvenile life without parolebeyond rehabilitationEighth Amendment (U.S.)
(2016)

Proposed Brief of National Immigrant Women's Advocacy Project, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, Dr. Giselle Hass, Tahirih Justice Center, and National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma & Mental Health

Asylum-seeking children and adolescents, often traumatized by violence, have developing brains that need more time to apply for asylum. Scientific research supports treating individuals under 21 as minors in these cases.

adolescentsasylumtraumaPTSDbrain developmentexecutive functioningimmigration
(2016)

Brief for Amicus Curiae the Pennsylvania District Attorneys Association in Support of Appellee

This brief argues that current laws and court guidance sufficiently direct judges in sentencing juveniles. It contends that additional oversight or a new sentencing process for juveniles is unnecessary and would impede justice.

protected classMillerMontgomerycapital sentencingJLWOPjuvenile life without parole
(2016)

Individual Differences in Frontolimbic Circuitry and Anxiety Emerge with Adolescent Changes in Endocannabinoid Signaling Across Species

Genetic variations in an enzyme called FAAH, which affects brain chemistry, influence anxiety risk. This genetic effect primarily emerges during adolescence in both humans and mice, aligning with developmental changes in the brain.

GeneticsAdolescentsAnxietyBrain development
(2016)

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Leaving and Returning to the Parental Home: the Role of Life Course Transitions, Socioeconomic Resources, and Family Connectivity

More young adults now live with their parents due to economic shifts. Racial and ethnic groups show different rates and timing of leaving or returning home.

Teenagersyoung adultsraceethnicityenvironmentcorrelation
(2016)

Stress and the Adolescent Brain: Amygdala-prefrontal Cortex Circuitry and Ventral Striatum as Developmental Targets

Adolescence is a crucial period for brain development, making it both highly adaptable and vulnerable to stress. The timing and type of stress exposure during this time can significantly impact brain function.

Adolescencestressamygdalaprefrontal cortexventral striatum
(2016)