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Brief of Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner

The brief argues that current law does not properly protect children in adult court. It seeks a new rule creating a presumption that children should receive lighter sentences, aligning with state constitutional protections.

mitigationtransfersdiminished culpabilitychildrenHouston-SconiersRamospresumption of mitigationadult court
(2022)

Brief of King County Department of Public Defense

The brief argues that registering youth under 18 as sex offenders is harmful and lacks public safety benefits. Research shows 97% of these youth do not reoffend, while registration makes them targets and increases suicide attempts.

adolescentsemerging adulthoodsex offender registration and notificationSORN18-year-oldsuicidesexual recidivismraceBlack youth
(2022)

Crime-Specific Recidivism in Criminal Justice Clients with Substance Use - A Cohort Study

Previously sentenced individuals often reoffend, with high reconviction rates globally. Substance use disorders are strongly linked to increased offending, and mental health issues are common among those with SUDs.

substance use disordercriminal justicerecidivismprisoncriminal behavior
(2022)

Neurobiological mechanisms and related clinical treatment of addiction: A review

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking, loss of control, and negative emotional states.

addictionsubstance use disordermagnetic resonance imagingneurobiological mechanismscravingtreatmentneuroimagingbrain circuitsrelapse
(2022)

Brief of the American Bar Association as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioners

The ABA argues that sentencing a juvenile to life without parole is unconstitutional due to juveniles' lesser culpability. Such sentences are disproportionate and do not serve justice's goals.

adolescent brain developmentage 17mandatory LWOPmandatory life without paroleEighth Amendment (U.S.)prefrontal cortex
(2022)

Amicus Curiae of Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan for Defendant-appellant John Antonio Poole

This brief argues a later request for judgment relief is valid due to a retroactive law change. It also claims Michigan's constitution prohibits mandatory life without parole for young adults without individual review.

retroactive reliefyoung adultMillerMontgomerycruel and unusual punishmentEighth Amendment (U.S.)mandatory LWOPmandatory life without parole
(2022)

Brief of Amici Curiae Neuroscientists, Psychologists, and Criminal Justice Scholars in Support of Defendant-appellant Mr. Poole

The brief argues that mandatory life without parole sentences are unconstitutional for late adolescents. Scientific evidence shows no meaningful difference in brain development between those under and over 18.

brain developmentbrain imagingbrain plasticitybrain capability to change and adaptlate adolescentsLWOPretributionincapacitationmitigating factortraumachronic stresspersonality developmentpenological justificationpurpose and justification for punishmentMRIstructural changes in the braingrey matterwhite matterprefrontal cortex
(2022)

Brief for Roderick & Solange Macarthur Justice Center as Amicus Curiae Supporting Defendant-appellant

The brief argues that mandatory life without parole sentences for young adults are cruel. It claims this violates the Michigan Constitution, which offers broader protection than the U.S. Constitution.

young adultsMillercruel and unusual punishmentmandatory LWOP18-year-old
(2022)

Brief of the Sentencing Project et al. in Support of Appellant Sheldon Mattis

This brief argues that mandatory life-without-parole sentences for 18-to-20-year-olds are unconstitutional. It suggests extending this protection to all late adolescents, citing developmental science and evolving standards of decency.

emerging adultlife without parolebrain developmentdisproportionate sentenceslate adolescentsdevelopmental characteristics of youthage of maturity
(2022)

Brief of Amici Curiae for the Eastern District Attorney

The brief argues that mandatory life without parole is constitutional for 18-20 year olds who commit first-degree murder. It asserts that current science does not require extending protections for juveniles to this older age group.

murderemerging adults mandatory LWOPmandatory life without paroledisproportionateEighth Amendment (U.S.)18-year-oldsyoung adultsbrain developmentneuronal immaturityDiatchenkoMiller
(2022)

Brief for Psychology and Neuroscience Scholars in Support of Respondent

The brief argues that a coach's post-game prayers coerced student athletes, violating the Establishment Clause. It contends students felt pressured to participate due to the coach's authority and fear of negative consequences.

adolescent athletesprayerspeer pressureEstablishment Clauseneurobiologycoercive nature of prayersadolescent brain developmentadolescent sensitivity to rewardsneurobiological researchsocial approvaladolescent vulnerability to negative influencesdual systemneuroimagingbrain imagingreward-processing brain regionsdevelopmental trajectories
(2022)

Brief of the Juvenile Innocence & Fair Sentencing Clinic in Support of Appellant Reyes

This brief argues that courts should consider juvenile brain science when evaluating a minor's criminal intent. It contends that scientific evidence provides a more complete picture of adolescent decision-making.

hallmark characteristic of youth risk-takingjuvenile brain developmentinability to appreciate riskmens reabrain maturitymurderscience
(2022)

Amicus Curiae of Criminal Defense Attorneys of Michigan for Defendant-appellant John Antonio Poole

This brief argues a later motion for relief is based on a retroactive change in law. It also claims Michigan's constitution bans mandatory life without parole for young adults without individual review.

MillerMontgomerymandatory LWOPyoung adultsdisproportionate sentences
(2022)

Brief of Neuroscientists, Psychologists, and Criminal Justice Scholars in Support of Defendant-appellant Sheldon Mattis

Massachusetts law currently bars life sentences without parole for those under 18. This brief argues that scientific evidence shows 18-20 year olds are similar to younger adolescents, making such sentences inappropriate for them as well.

late adolescentsbrain imaginghierarchical developmentbrain plasticityneuroplasticitybrain developmentimmaturityLWOPemotional arousaldisproportionate sentencingdeterrenceretributionpenological justification
(2022)

Brief of Amici Curiae Juvenile Law Center, American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan, Juvenile Sentencing Project at Quinnipiac University School of Law, and Deborah Labelle in Support of Defendant-appellant John Antonio Poole

This brief argues that mandatory life without parole for 18-year-olds is unconstitutional. It states that adolescents at this age are developmentally similar to those under 18, who are already protected from such sentences.

cognitive characteristicsimpulsivitygreater capacity for changepeer pressuremandatory LWOPlesser culpabilitylesser blameworthinessneurodevelopmental growthMillercruel and unusual punishmentdisproportionate sentencesexcessive punishmentEighth Amendment (U.S.)age of adulthoodage 18youth above age 18peer pressurevulnerability to peer pressureyoung adults
(2022)