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Effects of Anonymous Peer Observation on Adolescents' Preference for Immediate Rewards

Adolescents engage in more risky behavior, especially with peers present, compared to adults. This is linked to increased reward sensitivity and still-developing cognitive control in the adolescent brain.

Risk-takingAdolescenceChildhoodRewardsControlPeer influence
(2014)

State v. Castaneda

The Nebraska Supreme Court vacated Juan Castaneda’s mandatory life sentences for murders committed at age 15. This ruling followed a U.S. Supreme Court decision that mandatory juvenile life sentences are unconstitutional.

LWOPjuvenile life without parolejuvenile offendercruel and unusual punishmentEighth Amendment (U.S.)Miller v. AlabamaNebraska Supreme Court
(2014)

State v. Ramirez

The Nebraska Supreme Court vacated a juvenile's mandatory life without parole sentence for murder. The court ruled Nebraska's law was unconstitutional, requiring individualized sentencing instead.

Miller v. Alabamamandatory life without parolelife without paroleLWOPjuvenile life without paroleJLWOPjuvenile offenderresentencingEighth Amendmentde facto life sentence
(2014)

State v. Mantich

The Nebraska Supreme Court vacated a life sentence for Douglas Mantich, who was 15 when convicted of murder. His mandatory life sentence violated the Eighth Amendment as functionally equivalent to life without parole for a juvenile.

Miller v. Alabamamandatory life without parolelife without paroleLWOPjuvenile life without paroleJLWOPjuvenile offenderde facto life sentenceEighth Amendmentresentencing
(2014)

People v. Davis

The Illinois Supreme Court vacated a life sentence for a defendant convicted of murder at age 14. Mandatory life without parole for juveniles is cruel and unusual punishment.

Miller v. Alabamajuvenile offendermandatory life without parolejuvenile life without paroleLWOPJLWOPresentencing
(2014)

Bear Cloud v. State

A juvenile convicted of murder received a new sentence of life with parole after 25 years. The Wyoming Supreme Court found this consecutive sentence equaled life without parole and sent it back for review due to Miller v. Alabama.

juvenile sentencingjuvenile life without paroleMiller v. Alabamade facto life sentence
(2014)

Aiken v. Byars

The court ruled that juveniles sentenced to life without parole are entitled to resentencing. This aligns with the principle that juvenile brains are not fully developed, warranting a different approach to punishment.

juvenile sentencingjuvenile life without paroleMiller v. Alabamaretroactive application of Millerdiscretionary sentencingresentencing
(2014)

State v Lyle

The Iowa Supreme Court found mandatory minimum sentences for juvenile offenders unconstitutional under the state's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. The Court emphasized individualized sentencing for juveniles.

juvenile offendersmandatory minimum sentencingcruel and unusual punishmentEighth Amendmentindividualized sentencing
(2014)

People v. Chavez

The California Court of Appeal ruled that two juveniles sentenced to life without parole for murder deserve new sentencing consideration based on their ages at the time of the crime.

juvenile sentencingresentencingjuvenile justice reformMiller v. Alabama
(2014)

Brief of Amici Curiae Juvenile Law Center et al. in Support of Appellee Edwin Ike Mares

This brief argues that mandatory life without parole for juveniles is unconstitutional. It asserts that Wyoming's current law, offering parole review after 25 years, still fails to provide required individualized sentencing hearings.

Millersubstantive lawretroactivityresentencingEighth Amendment (U.S.)cruel and unusual punishmentchildmandatory LWOPlife without parolefelony murder16-year-old
(2014)

Amicus Curiae Brief of the Students of Father Gabriel Richard High School, Ann Arbor, Michigan

This brief, written by high school students, argues that juveniles possess a unique capacity for redemption. It highlights the influence of environment and peer pressure on young people.

Eighth AmendmentLWOPlife without paroleimmaturitycharacteristics of youthcapacity for changedecision-makingimpulsivity
(2014)

Brief of Amici Curiae Dr. Beatriz Luna, Dr. Charles Alexander Nelson III, Dr. Silvia Bunge, Dr. Adriana Galvan, and Dr. Linda Patia Spear in Support of Neither Party

Courts can consider scientific evidence on adolescent brain development when determining constitutional limits on juvenile sentencing. The human brain undergoes significant changes in structure, function, and chemistry during adolescence.

brainbrain developmentadolescencebrain chemistrybrain structuresynaptic pruningrewards systemreward processingcognitionemotionsbrain maturationfunctional brain maturationexecutive functioningGraham
(2014)

Brief in Support of the Resentencing of Petitioner Angel Alejandro on Behalf of Amici Curiae Robert M. Morgenthau, the Campaign for the Fair Sentencing of Youth, Child Welfare League of America, and Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators et al.

This brief argues that Angel Alejandro's resentencing should reject U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. It contends new juvenile justice science supports a reduced sentence, reflecting his diminished culpability as a minor.

LWOPteenadolescencediminished culpabilityimpulsivityMillermitigating qualities of youthpeer influence
(2014)

Brief for the Center for Children, Law & Policy, University of Houston Law Center as Amicus Curiae

This brief argues that Texas juvenile courts can only transfer children to adult court when strict legal procedures are followed. Ignoring these rules violates due process for juveniles and undermines the juvenile justice system's purpose.

neurodevelopmentimmaturityvulnerability to outside pressurepeer pressureneurobiological immaturitycourt transfersadolescent brainwaiver of juvenile jurisdictiondue processspecial protections
(2014)

Amicus Curiae Brief of Columbia Legal Services

The brief argues that open juvenile records disproportionately harm youth of color due to existing racial disparities in the justice system. It contends that adding more record sealing requirements will worsen these disparities.

youth of colorunsealed juvenile recordsrecord sealingrehabilitationreintegration into societyIshikawa factorsracial disparities
(2014)
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