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Brain Development, Social Context, and Justice Policy

Teenagers' brains are still developing, impacting their decision-making. Their choices to engage in risky behavior, including crime, result from this immaturity interacting with their social environment.

Adolescent brain developmentsocial context juvenile crimemitigating factors
(2018)

Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Executive Function in Childhood and Beyond

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) consistently predicts executive function (EF) performance from childhood to adulthood. The differences in EF abilities linked to childhood SES do not diminish with age.

Socioeconomic status (SES) Health Well-being Thinking abilities Executive function (EF) Cognitive skills Children Adults Performance
(2018)

Male Antisocial Behaviour in Adolescence and Beyond

This article reviews new research on male antisocial behavior, focusing on two types: life-course persistent (LCP) and adolescence-limited (AL). LCP behavior starts early and continues, while AL behavior begins and ends in adolescence.

Young adult offenderspersistent offendersrisk factorsearly interventionjuvenile justiceneurosciencegenetics
(2018)

Brief Amici Curiae of Concerned Psychiatrists, Psychologists and Neuropsychologists in Support of Petition for Writ of Certiorari

The brief argues that new scientific consensus on brain development, trauma, and substance abuse means young adults may share cognitive characteristics with juveniles. It urges the Court to consider these factors in death penalty cases.

brain developmentbrain scienceEighth Amendment (U.S.)Roperyoung adultlate adolescentages 18 to 24
(2018)

Commonwealth v. Eldred

The court upheld a probation violation for fentanyl use, ruling that relapse, even with addiction as a disease, was a willful breach of a drug-free condition. This condition was considered treatment-oriented.

Massachusetts Supreme Courtfentanyl useprobation violationrelapseaddictionbrain diseasedrug-free conditiontreatment-orientedwillful breach
(2018)

Pesce v. Coppinger

A federal court ordered a jail to provide methadone to an inmate for opioid use disorder. Officials likely violated disability and cruel and unusual punishment laws by refusing his prescribed treatment.

methadonepreliminary injunctionADA8th Amendmentopioid use disorderjailprescribed treatment
(2018)

Breaux v. Bollinger Shipyards, LLC

The court allowed an employee's discrimination claims to proceed after being fired for Suboxone use. It dismissed a privacy claim, finding no unreasonable intrusion.

ADAdisability discriminationreasonable accommodationsuboxoneprivacy
(2018)

Bonnifield v. Lewis

The court upheld a conviction despite expert testimony of drug-induced psychosis, ruling California law prohibits insanity defenses based solely on substance abuse.

habeas corpusinsanity defensesubstance useexpert testimonyMethamphetamine
(2018)

Commonwealth v. Plasse

The Massachusetts SJC upheld a sentence where a judge considered the defendant's need for addiction treatment. Rehabilitation is a valid factor in sentencing decisions.

sentencing addiction treatmentrehabilitationjudicial decisiondefendantdrug addiction
(2018)

State v. Michel

The Florida Supreme Court ruled that juvenile offenders sentenced to life with parole after 25 years are not eligible for resentencing, distinguishing it from cases of life without parole.

juvenile offenderparole eligibilityGraham v. Floridanon-homicide offenseEighth Amendment
(2018)

People v. Wines

The court ruled that judges must consider a juvenile offender's youth during resentencing, even if the new sentence is not life without parole. This applied to Mr. Wines, who was a juvenile when convicted of felony murder and other crimes.

Miller v. Alabamamandatory life without parolejuvenile life without paroleJLWOPjuvenile offenderresentencingmitigating factors of youth
(2018)

People v. Skinner

The Michigan Supreme Court ruled that a separate finding of permanent incorrigibility is not required to sentence a juvenile offender to life without parole.

juvenile offenderjuvenile life without paroleJLWOPpermanent incorrigibility
(2018)

Malvo v. Mathena

Lee Malvo, a D.C. sniper, appealed his life without parole sentence. His appeals, citing mental impairment and Eighth Amendment violations, were denied; he remains in prison.

juvenile offendermental stateEighth Amendmentjuvenile life without paroleJLWOPcruel and unusual punishment
(2018)

State v. Seam

The court found a life sentence with parole for a defendant did not violate his constitutional rights. The prior ruling on juvenile life sentences without parole did not apply.

Eighth AmendmentMiller v. Alabamalife with parolejuvenile sentencing
(2018)

In the Interest of C.K.

The New Jersey Supreme Court found the state's lifetime Megan's Law requirements for juvenile sex offenders unconstitutional. The Court ruled these requirements were overly punitive and lacked a rational basis for juveniles.

Megan's Lawjuvenile sentencingsex offensesubstantive due processlifetime registration and notificationcruel and unusual punishmentpublic safety
(2018)